Earthquake Risk Reduction by David J. Dowrick
By David J. Dowrick
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Extra resources for Earthquake Risk Reduction
Example text
5. This results from the tendency for MS to decrease with depth for earthquakes of a given seismic moment. Karnik (1969) first dealt with this effect by proposing a focal depth correction term for MS in relation to mb for various parts of Europe, while Ambraseys and Free (1997) more recently estimated a focal depth correction term for in relation to log M0 for European earthquakes. 6 23 Scatter plot of local magnitude ML against moment magnitude MW for New Zealand earthquakes distinguishing events in different classes of centroid depth hC .
R. 5), which relates the shear strains of the shear belt referred to above to large historical earthquakes. It is believed that the fault forming the plate boundary periodically locks together, and this leads to an accumulation of shear and compressional strain until it is in part relieved by a large thrust type of earthquake. The sudden release of strain (when the shear resistance is overcome) signals the recommencement of movement of the subducting plate in a further cycle of aseismic slip, then another locking of the fault leads to the next plate interface earthquake.
This advantage is offset, however, because the cone test does not recover samples, so that no visual examination of the material being tested is possible. e. after conversion to relative density. As the various penetrometer tests yield different numerical results for the same soils, the exact type of equipment used in each case must be known and appropriate conversions made where necessary for assessing results. 3 m) for fine sands, but the relationship has been found to vary with grain size. 4.